1. Definition of Plagiarism

Plagiarism includes presenting another person’s ideas, data, words, or work as one’s own without proper attribution. This includes verbatim copying, close paraphrasing without credit, and inappropriate reuse of one’s own previously published material (self-plagiarism).

2. Similarity Threshold

All submissions are screened using reputable plagiarism detection software. A maximum similarity index of 20% (excluding references, quotations, and methodology overlaps) is permitted. Any manuscript exceeding this threshold will be returned to the author for revision or may be rejected outright.

3. Screening and Review Process

• All manuscripts are automatically checked for plagiarism before peer review.
• Editors review the similarity report and decide whether to proceed, request clarification, or reject.
• Substantial overlap or unattributed content may lead to rejection without review.

4. Author Responsibilities

Authors are responsible for ensuring that their work is entirely original and properly cites all sources. Where parts of the manuscript (figures, tables, text) have been previously published, appropriate permissions must be obtained and disclosed.

5. Handling of Plagiarism Cases

In cases where plagiarism is detected after publication, Ethan Publications may issue a correction, retract the article, notify authors’ institutions, or take other actions consistent with COPE guidelines.

6. Education and Prevention

We encourage authors, especially early-career researchers, to familiarize themselves with proper citation and attribution practices. Our editorial team is available to answer questions about acceptable similarity levels and referencing standards.